Moral Issues in the Abortion

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction Summary of the article Rhetorical investigation Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The issue fetus removal existed in mankind since days of yore and it has gone on till today. Regardless of whether premature birth is ethically right or wrong to a great extent relies upon one’s own feeling about the issue. The ethical power end of life lies in the possession of the mother in spite of the impact of the general public about the issue. This paper takes a gander at how the writer bolsters the contention that it is an ethical obligation for the mother not to carry undesirable posterity into the world.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Moral Issues in the Abortion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Summary of the article Sawyer, a mother of two children has encountered the stuff to bring a kid into this world. Her understanding of her pregnancy relied upon her present circumstance. She would term pregnanc y as an infant when she was arranged and needed to have an infant yet additionally deciphered equivalent to a gathering of cells when she didn’t need anything to do with the infant. She professed to have a difference in thought in the wake of having the two children. She consented to the way that premature birth is a horrendously awful encounter. She underpins the way that premature birth is not really bolstered by the general public even in the cases that are upheld by the law. The general public is said to mark the mother provider of life yet restricts her directly over the equivalent. The mother is required to convey to term each kid considered regardless of the expense and that as per the general public is the genuine parenthood. Sawyer can't help contradicting the questionable contention on when life starts and rather favors ladies to have the authority over life and not life contention. In the wake of having her two children she comprehended what it intended to carry im portant life to earth. She contended that a mother ought to be allowed to bring just the needed kid onto the earth. Explanatory examination Sawyer communicates how she already emphatically had confidence in master decision women's activist development like color in the fleece. Those were the days that she accepted that pregnancy implied life in her and she had obligation to safeguard it. She clarified how by getting herself pregnant, and understanding what obliges it her eyes appeared to open to another idea about reserving the privilege to decide the destiny of the embryo. She causes us to identify with ladies by the manner in which she pictures the experience they as a rule experience during fetus removal â€Å"Of course, it’s horrendously awful, no lady goes into this lightly† (Moran 1). This shows ladies don't care for it and that they just do it as a last resort.Advertising Looking for paper on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your f irst paper with 15% OFF Learn More To them it's anything but an extremely wonderful encounter and as such we ought to comprehend their scrape when they decide to have a fetus removal. Her interests about how the general public doesn’t care about the dilemma of the lady are felt in her view on the remain of the general public which has zero resilience to premature birth even in the most freed society. The general public is one-sided in its judgment about premature birth as it doesn't take a gander at the valuable side of fetus removal. Jokes about issues to do with premature birth are uncommon and issues concerning fetus removal are barely talked about as much as different less significant issues. She causes us to see how one-sided the general public treats premature birth. As indicated by her, nobody urges a lady to talk about the positive side of fetus removal. The incongruity on the issue of premature birth is plainly observed on her portrayal of the lady as â€Å"Mother, delicate supplier of life† as indicated by the general public and her job closes there. It is unexpected that the delicate supplier of life can't settle on further choices about the existence that she has the power to make in any case. As per her, the general public has no sentiments about what the ladies experience because of undesirable originations they are required to continue regardless of â€Å"how troublesome or ruinous, in light of the fact that her adoration would be incredible enough for anything† (Moran 1) unquestionably this isn't what anybody would need for a lady. At such conditions it is astute to let ladies have premature birth as opposed to release them through a horrible encounter all for the sake of affection. Sawyer gives a solid contention that anybody can ostensibly deal with. The general public has invested so much time and vitality on the conversation about the uncertain discussion on when life starts. Without a reasonable definition on when life starts then the lady is constantly left with no ethical decision. Rather she advocates for a very surprising idea of letting the lady have the domain over life and furthermore the territory over not-life. Along these lines she accepts that the lady will never need to experience hellfire all for the sake of womanhood however rather will have the choice to end life in the event that she feels that it totally legitimate to attempt the training on moral grounds. She can't just see how nature can be one-sided as to give the lady capacity to make, have, safe house, support and ensure life but not enable her to end it too particularly when its reality will be disastrous. Anyway she isn't supporting for outlandish and baseless premature births. It might be contended that she experienced a change time after she had her two kids. Her experience through the riotous multi month time span the work torments, thinking about the sensitive new conceived, spending through restless evenings and givin g all the protective help care and most significant love to the infant who required something other than adoration from a committed steady and a willing mother changed her discernment and feeling about the issue of abortion.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Moral Issues in the Abortion explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More By understanding the prerequisites of being a sensible mother she didn’t falter having a premature birth after the conviction since she comprehended what another kid would have intended for her. She was not the slightest bit arranged for bringing one more life in to the world and watch as her effectively cheerful family experience focusing on minutes and moreover she was at that point burnt out on all the pressure that goes with giving life and consequently was defended to end the pregnancy. By taking a gander at the case like this it was simple for her to settle on the choice effectively and without moral blame. What's mor e, still she didn’t need to face a challenge on such a significant issue (Head 1; Summary 1). The general public as she puts it for the most part goes over the edge when managing fetus removal. She contends that enemy of premature birth campaigners base their contentions about the sacredness of life however she still can’t comprehend why the issue of holiness possibly comes in when individuals are discussing fetus removal and never referenced when other sacredness of perilous cases, for example, Vladimir Putin. This may propose that the issue of sacredness of life isn't in compliance with common decency and is just utilized as a device of abuse of ladies (Newman and Newman 2). She needs us to plainly comprehend her feeling about premature birth by contending that the world would be a superior spot to live in if there were significantly less malevolent individuals in it. She feels that it might be far much reasonable to end an early pregnancy than deliver an undesirable youngster who might be an issue to the previously existing family or even the general public. It is as yet unexpected that as indicated by her most of mankind’s torments is ascribed to despondent kids who grew up to be furious grown-ups. She contends that such events are accused on ladies but then the general public doesn’t give her the command to end the issue at its root. As she finishes up she needs it to be evident that fetus removal ought to be taken as â€Å"intelligent, legitimate, modest, caring thing to do† (Moran 1) and at last as a demonstration of good mothering. End The issue of fetus removal requests a basic idea in all viewpoints. The creator has communicated her conclusion concerning the issue of fetus removal. By giving her own experience as a lady, she had the option to catch the contention concerning why fetus removal is ethically directly by mixing her own trial and the real factors of life.Advertising Searching for paper on sociologies? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The general public was portrayed as unfeeling and unexpected in that it gave a few rights and took them with the other hand. In spite of the fact that she doesn’t advocate for unjustified premature births she firmly concurs that ladies ought to be left to utilize the order given to them ordinarily in an ethical manner. Works Cited Head, Tom. Is premature birth now legitimate in each state? Living Liberties, 2011. Web. Moran, Caitlin. Premature birth: why it’s a definitive protective act. The Sunday Times, 2007. Web. Newman, B and Newman, Phillips. Improvement through Life: A Psychosocial. New York, NY. 2008. Print. Outline. Rundown of Abortion Laws around the globe. Pregnant Pause, 2002. Web. This article on Moral Issues in the Abortion was composed and put together by client Gianna A. to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; notwithstanding, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

SESSION LONG PROJECT MODULE 4 Union Organizing (USAA INSURANCE Essay

Meeting LONG PROJECT MODULE 4 Union Organizing (USAA INSURANCE COMPANY) - Essay Example Presently just around 16% of the general work powers across ventures will in general be unionized (Lawler). The protection business, in the year 2008, just around 3% of the protection laborers are a piece of association contracts in contrast with over 14% of the workers in the private business (Statistics). Thinking about the above insights, it is clear that unionization isn't wide spread inside the business and here the general effect of associations is moderately low. On account of USAA, the organization doesn't confront any issues of unionization and thus there is a smoother and viable dynamic procedure overall. USAA, as it were, has end up being among the couple of organizations which are free and not related as most insurance agencies. The patterns in the business have practically zero effect on USAA (Lawler). The organization has had the option to adequately progress in the direction of creating and extemporizing its items and by and large situation in the business sectors with a serious edge that the organization is centered around the military individuals and their families. USAA is affected by a couple of the national government enactments and this effect the general protection industry and the day by day methods and practices.

Ripple effects by economic facts essays

Gradually expanding influences by monetary realities expositions There are a few things that can cause an expanding influence in our economy. There are monetary realities, or things that will happen regardless, that begin to influence an ever increasing number of individuals, until they at some point or another impact everyone. The Keynesian Transmission Mechanism is a genuine case of something that has a gradually expanding influence on everyone. The Keynesian component has three phases, every one of which affects something. The principal stage is the expansion or lessening in the gracefully of cash (A-1). The subsequent stage is for the venture to rise or fall related to the difference in the cash flexibly (B-1). The third and last stage in the component, is for the all out use/total interest bend to move appropriately to the both the cash gracefully, and the venture. There are additionally a few dividers that obstruct the system from working, that have far reaching influences on the economy. These incorporate the Liquidity trap, and Interest-In sensitive Investment. In the primary phase of the Keynesian Transmission Mechanism, the cash gracefully is either raised, or brought down by the Fed. They do this by purchasing and offering bonds to general society. In the event that they repurchase securities, at that point they are basically bringing down the cash flexibly, where as though they sell them, at that point they are collecting the cash gracefully. Taking a gander at this by itself, one can foresee an ascent or a fall in the measure of every individual has because of the shortage of cash, or the need there of. This will have a gradually expanding influence on the economy, since individuals will spare more in the event that they have less, and spend more on the off chance that they have more (C-1). For instance, if the Fed were to expand the cash gracefully would cause an overflow of cash in the currency showcase. This thusly will affect the loan costs. The loan fees will bring down because of the cash overflow (B-1). As a result of the lower loan cost, the AD bend will move to one side. This occurs because of a drop in the value level due to the lower financing cost. With the l... <!

How to Write an Ap Language and Composition Essay

How to Write an Ap Language and Composition EssayMany students decide to work in either writing or language and composition because it is such a challenging and interesting area to work on. Language and composition are one of the few areas in which students can do a good job with ease. Here are some of the key points that you can use when you are thinking about writing an essay.The first key to writing an Ap language and composition essay is to make sure that you will write from a position of relative privilege. Try to use your own knowledge or expertise to the best of your ability. Use the strengths of your topic to help you. This will give you a positive outlook on the rest of the essay.The second thing to do is to have a clear section that can be known as the 'this is where you show your skin'. This section should be about 2-3 sentences long. It should highlight the main idea of the essay and include a couple of examples that demonstrate your point.Now there should be a blank line at the end of the main body of the essay. Make sure you start with a 'This is Where You Show Your Skin' and make sure you have a couple of paragraphs before you go into the following one. This way you are able to really get across your point in an interesting and creative way.It is a good idea to use examples that will demonstrate what the subject of your language and composition essay is. One example might be that of a home-made chocolate cake for Valentine's Day or a dish you cooked yourself from scratch at home.You may want to include more than one example, but it is not a good idea to overdo it. You donot want to sound like a magician while presenting your material. Do not write all your ideas in a single paragraph, but instead spread them out.Use the phrase 'a method of expression' in the first sentence of the first paragraph. It will emphasize the first part of the essay and help to create a larger picture of the paper.

Essay on Concussions in Football - 1122 Words

Even though football players are aware of the dangers the game can bring upon them, they take part despite it. The passion, the joy it creates; for professionals it’s also the devoted fans and compensation they receive is what keeps the players motivated. Today players are much bigger, faster, smarter, bigger, better. The game is more physical. The sport has never been so competitive. The popularity has reached new peaks, as much that the NFL has thoughts of moving a team to London, England. Additionally, Super Bowl XLVII (47) was one of the most watched television events of all time; an astonishing 108.4 million viewers (The Associated Press). Fans worship their teams and love to see big hits. Football is a contact sport; injuries are no†¦show more content†¦Most importantly this sort of injury is linked to CTE (chronic traumatic encephalopathy). CTE is a brain disease found in individuals with annals of head trauma. It has specifically been found in athletes with numerous concussions. So far it can only be diagnosed in the deceased, but Dr. Julian Bales and his staff in UCLA have discovered symptoms in living players such as Hall of Famer Anthony â€Å"Tony† Dorsett, Hall of Famer Joe DeLamielleure, and NFL All-Pro Leonard Marshall. CTE can cause memory loss, dementia, depression, suicidal thoughts, cognitive and emotional difficulties (Waldron par 1, 2, 3). Is it a compelling issue? A total of 171 concussions were reported in the NFL in the 2012-2013 season; 88 thus far in the 2013-2014 season (Frontline pt). Those are just numbers in the professional level. There are thousands of kids playing football either in youth, middle school, high school, or college level. The diagnosis is currently in progress, researchers are optimistic this could lead to a legitimate treatment, how to manage, and hopefully a cure. 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Evaluate the claim that the soul is distinct from the body...

Q.2 exam paper June 2011 Philosophy 2. Evaluate the claim that the soul is distinct from the body. There are many different views that the soul is distinct from the body of which appose this claim but at the same time there are those who agree with it. A famous Greek Philosopher named Plato was a duellist who believed that the soul is indeed distinct from the body. Plato believed that the soul is more important than the body as the body is apart of the empirical world and like all objects is subject to change (in a constant motion of change). Plato said that the body and its senses cannot be a reliable guide to the truth as it did not pre – exist in his idea of â€Å"the world of forms† and so the body can only seek truth from†¦show more content†¦Therefore no soul can be present without the body as the soul gives the body its structure and function; this means it is necessary for them to exist as one. Once the body dies the soul must die as they are dependant of each other. A current day philosopher name Richard Dawkins completely discredited that the soul even exists. He believed that there is no non-physical part of a person and that nothing exists apart from matter. Dawkins believed that some people would argue that consciousness was the soul, however he argued that consciousness was just a physical phenomena so there cannot be a soul. This is due to the idea that everything is physical which means conciseness cannot be separated from the brain. The reason that we have self awareness is due to our bodies being survival machines and so it would be seen as an evolutionary advantage to develop this self awareness. Overall it would seem that the idea that our soul is separate to the body would seem illogical. This is because the argument that consciousness and self awareness along with the idea that our bodies are physical phenomenons as a whole which is not separate seems to make more logical sense. 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Hip Hop Influences free essay sample

Hip hop Is a musical genre which developed alongside hip hop culture, defined by key stylistic elements such as rapping, Digging, sampling, scratching and beating. Hip hop began in the Bronx of New York City in the asses, primarily among African Americans, Jamaican Americans, and, to an extent, Latino Americans. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop denotes the practices of an entire subculture. Rapping, also referred to as Mincing or emceeing, is a vocal style in which the artist speaks lyrically, in rhyme and verse, generally to an instrumental or synthesized beat.Beats, almost always In 4/4 time signature, can be created by looping portions of other songs, usually by a D], or sampled from portions of other songs by a producer. Modern beats incorporate synthesizers, drum machines, and live bands. Rappers may write, memorize, or improvise their lyrics and perform their works a capable or too beat. We will write a custom essay sample on Hip Hop Influences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The roots of hip hop are found in African-American music and ultimately African music. The grits of West Africa are a group of traveling singers and poets who are part of an oral tradition dating back hundreds of years. Their vocal style Is similar to that of rappers. The African-American traditions of signifying, the dozens, and Jazz poetry are all descended from the grits. In addition, musical comedy acts such as Rudy Ray Moore and Blowfly are considered by some to be the forefathers of rap. Within New York City, grist-like performances of poetry and music by artists such as The Last Poets, Gill Scott Heron and Gala Mansard Unhurried had a significant impact on the post-civil rights era culture of the asses and 1 sass.Hip hop arose during the asses when block parties became increasingly popular in New York City, especially in the Bronx. Block parties incorporated Des who played popular genres of music, especially funk and soul music. Des, realizing Its positive reception, began Isolating the percussion breaks of popular songs. This technique was then common in Jamaican dub music and had spread to New York City via the substantial Jamaican immigrant community. A major proponent of the technique was the godfather of hip hop, the Jamaican-born DC Cool Here.Dub music had become popular In Jamaica due to the Influence of American sailors and Rhythm Blues. Large sound systems were set up to accommodate poor Jamaican who couldnt afford to buy records and dub developed at the sound yester. Emigrating to the united States from Jamaica In 1967, DC Cool Here became one of the most popular Des in New York City In the asses. Because the New York audience did not particularly like dub or reggae, Here quickly switched to using funk, soul and disco records. Due to the fact that the percussive breaks were generally records. Turntables techniques, such as beat mixing/matching, scratching (seemingly invented by Grand Wizard Theodore) and beat Juggling eventually developed along with the breaks, creating a base that could be rapped over. This same techniques undistributed to the popularization of remixes. Such looping, sampling and remixing of anothers music, sometimes without the original artists knowledge or consent, can be seen as an evolution of Jamaican dub music,[8][9] and would become a hallmark of the hip hop style.Jamaican immigrants also provided an influence on the vocal style of rapping by delivering simple raps at their parties, inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting. Des and Masc. would often add call and response chants, often comprising of a basic chorus, to allow the performer to gather his thoughts (e. G. one, two, three, all, to the beat). Later, the Masc. grew more varied in their vocal and rhythmic approach, incorporating brief rhymes, often with a sexual or scatological theme, in an effort at differentiating themselves and entertaining the audience.Hip hop music was an outlet and a voice for disenfranchised youth as the culture reflected the social, economic and political realities of their lives. These early raps incorporated the dozens, a product of African American culture. Cool Here the Hercules were the first hip hoppers to gain major fame in New York, but the number of MS teams increased over time. Often these were collaborations between former gangs, such as Afrikaans Bombasts Universal Zulu Nation now a large, international organization. Melee Mel, a rapper/lyricist with The Furious Five is often credited with being the first rap lyricist to call himself an MS. During the early asses breakfasting arose during block parties, as b-boys and b-girls got in front of the audience to dance in a distinctive and frenetic style. The style was documented for release to a world wide audience for the first time in documentaries and movies such as Style Wars, Wild Style, and Beat Street.

Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Essay Example

Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example Paper Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Introduction Heather Evans Mr. PhillipsEnglish 10211/25/2010 | | Why the Drinking Age Should Not be Lowered. | | According to the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, â€Å"Increasing the age at which people can legally purchase and drink alcohol has been the most successful intervention to date in reducing drinking and alcohol-related crashes among people under the age of 21. †(Nakaya) Among teens and young adults, alcohol is the drug of choice. Many are not aware that they are harming their bodies when drinking. Teens may come intoxicated and make harmful decisions that they would not normally make when not under the influence. Many young people are experiencing the consequences of drinking too much, at too early an age. As a result, underage drinking is a leading public health problem in this country (Ojeda). According to the Department of Health and Human Services, approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking. Some are crash relate d, homicide, suicide, and other injuries such as falls, burns, and drownings. When President Ronald Reagan signed this law on July 17, 1984 at the White House Rose Garden ceremony, he said, â€Å"We know that people in the 18-to-20 age group are more likely to be in alcohol-related accidents than those in any other age group. We know that America has a clear stake in making certain that her sons and daughters, so full of vitality and promise, will not be crippled or killed. Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Body Paragraphs And we all know that there is one simple measure that will save thousands of young lives if we raise the drinking age to 21†(Hamilton). Teens are starting to drink earlier each year. In 1965, the average drinking age was around 17 1/2. In 2003, the average drinking age was around 14. By lowering the age to drink, people are giving teens and young adults permission to harm themselves and possibly harm others. The brain keeps developing in to the twenties so if teens drink at the age of 18 or younger they are not allowing the brain to function correctly. Auriana Ojeda states that â€Å"Differences between the adult brain and the brain of the maturing adolescent also may help to explain why many young drinkers are able to consume much larger amounts of alcohol than adults before experiencing the negative consequences of drinking, such as drowsiness, lack of coordination, and withdrawal/hangover effects. This unusual tolerance may help to explain the high rates of binge drinking a mong young adults. At the same time, adolescents appear to be particularly sensitive to the positive effects of drinking, such as feeling more at ease in social situations, and young people may drink more than adults because of these positive social experiences. † Young people that start using alcohol at an early age are more prone to use alcohol when they are older. This may also result in binge drinking and alcoholism. Why do some teens and young adults drink? No one really knows the answer to that but it has become clear that some do it because of peer pressure. A teen goes to a party and sees that all of their friends are drinking, so he or she decides that they want to fit in and follow what their friends are doing. This also leads to other drug usage. Peer pressure is one of the main sources of underage drinking. Another reason teens may drink is that they may see their parents drinking and see that it may be fun. Drinking is not always fun. Some adults know how to act w hen they drink and are responsible enough to know when to stop. They also might call someone to come get them when they have been drinking. Teens may not call someone. They see that it will be â€Å"cool† if they drink and drive not realizing the risks of it. Also adults that drink more may have children who favor drinking and will drink a lot. Radio, television, and the internet also have a big part on teenage drinking. Young adults see movies and TV shows that promote underage drinking and it makes drinking seem fun and not risky. They do not realize that it is just television and some of the things that are done are done by professionals and stunt people. And normally they are not drinking in the shows. Just making it seem like it. The media uses this to their advantage. The alcohol companies pay the media to do commercials and the media pay the companies to use their product in shows and movies. Alcohol commercials are now made to where they make the alcohol desirable to young people so they can sell more. Stores that provide alcohol are accepting to these commercials because it allows them to make more money. It does not matter to them if the adult gives the alcohol to young teens. As long as the teen does not buy it they do not care. Raising the price of alcohol may also help out underage drinking. Ojeda also states in his research that teens also do not see the health risks that they are putting themselves in. They are more prone to liver damage, obesity, and other major health issues. Studies show that with teens that are overweight or obese, they have elevated liver enzymes even with only moderate drinking. Teens that are going through or about to go through puberty also show the upset of the critical hormonal balance necessary for normal development of organs, muscles, and bones. Ojeda) Studies in animals show that drinking during puberty also has an effect on the reproductive system. Other risky behaviors may include unplanned sexual activity . This may result in an unplanned pregnancy or forms of STD. Teens are more hormonal and with the influence of alcohol they may make decisions that will affect the rest of their life. They may also develop an alcohol use disorder. Young people who drink heavily are also more prone to drinking heavily as adults which may cause health issues as they get older. Having the drinking age set to 21 years of age has been a proven success. An estimated 20,000 lives have been saved due to the law. (Hamilton) Since President Reagan established the law, the fatal accidents involved with drunk driving or young people that have been drinking and were in an accident, has been cut in half. That does not even include the number of injuries that have been reduced by the law. The â€Å"21† law is very effective. It does not stop teens from drinking but it does stop them from being able to buy the alcohol. Removing the law would help the companies and the stores that sell alcohol, but it will al so make the number of deaths rise and the number of young adults that drink heavily rise as well. If people remove the â€Å"21† law they might as well let drugs be legal. Alcohol is just a drug for young teens to experience. Other consequences of underage drinking include death from alcohol poisoning, academic problems, various social problems, and physical problems such as medical illnesses. (Nakaya) Teens that consume alcohol on a daily basis or quite often experience changes in school and other things that they normally would do. Underage drinking may result in teens losing friendships over it, failing grades, and also becoming ill more often in a result of their immune system not fully in order. Teens may feel like they are not accepted in society so they drink more to help them with the emptiness. They may start to think that their parents are always yelling or getting on to them or they are always in trouble because they are in a state of mind where they cannot functio n without the alcohol. Once they consume some, teens are back to the normal state of mind in their eyes and can function. Because of this teens are getting addicted and become very dependent on alcohol. If they do not get their alcohol they go into a depression and start having withdraws. At this time they should realize what they are doing to their bodies but some do not and they continue to drink and harm themselves. College students may also be more affected by alcohol because teens see that college is just one big party. Teens that are just enrolling in college are trying to fit in. They go to parties and drink heavily. They then become intoxicated and are more accepting to do dumb things. A college student is new to the environment and does not know how to act. Some students are focused on school and do not go to parties and if they do they do not drink. The students that do drink feel that they are accepted in the society of college and may think it is the right path for them. They become overwhelmed and most do not finish out the degree program. Some realize what they are doing and stop drinking and become more academically focused and succeed in getting their degree. As you can see there are many reasons on why the drinking age should not be lowered. I feel that people between the ages of 18 – 21 are not fully aware of all the risks and may have alcohol as a crutch. Teens need to focus on school and doing something with their life. There are too many people in the world that have let alcohol consume them and have not done anything with they have wanted. Works Cited: Hamilton, Wendy J. â€Å"Age-Twenty-One Drinking Laws Protect Youth. † Alcohol. Ed. Andrea C. Nakaya. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Opposing Viewpoints. Nakaya, Andrea C. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"Underage Drinking Is a Serious Problem. † Alcohol. Ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2008. Nelson, David E. â€Å"The Drinking Age Should Not Be Lo wered. † Teen Drug Abuse. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2011. Opposing Viewpoints. Ojeda, Audriana. U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. â€Å"The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered. † Teens at Risk. Ed. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why the Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

History of the Second Congo War

History of the Second Congo War The first phase of the Second Congo War led to a stalemate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On one side were Congolese rebels backed and guided by Rwanda, Uganda, and Burundi. On the other side were both Congolese paramilitary groups and the government, under the leadership of  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila, backed by Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, the Sudan, Chad, and Libya.   A Proxy War By September 1998, a month after the Second Congo War had begun, the two sides were at a stalemate. The pro-Kabila forces controlled the West and central part of the Congo, while the anti-Kabila forces controlled the east and part of the north.   Much of the fighting for the next year was by proxy. While the Congolese military (FAC) continued to fight, Kabila also supported Hutu militias in rebel territory as well as pro-Congolese forces known as  Mai Mai. These groups attacked the rebel group,  Rassemblement Congolais pour la Dà ©mocratie  (RCD), which was largely made up of Congolese Tutsis and was supported, initially, by both Rwanda and Uganda.  Uganda also sponsored a second rebel group in the northern Congo, the  Mouvement pour la  Libà ©ration du Congo (MLC).   In 1999, a Failed Peace In late June, the major parties in the war met at a peace conference in Lusaka, Zambia. They agreed to a ceasefire, exchange of prisoners, and other provisions to bring about peace, but the not all of the rebel groups were even at the conference and others refused to sign. Before the agreement even became official, Rwanda and Uganda split, and their rebel groups began fighting in the DRC. The Resource War One of the most significant show downs between Rwandan and Ugandan troops was in the city of Kisangani, an important site in the Congo lucrative diamond trade. With the war stretching on, the parties began focusing on gaining access to the Congos wealth of riches: gold, diamonds, tin, ivory, and coltan. These conflict minerals made the war profitable for all involved in their extraction and sale, and extended the misery and danger for those who were not, mainly women. Millions died of hunger, disease, and a lack of medical care.  Women were also systematically and brutally raped. Doctors in the region came to recognize the trademark wounds left by the torture methods used by the different militias. As the war became more and more overtly about profit, the various rebel groups all began fighting among each other. The initial divisions and alliances that had characterized the war in its earlier stages dissolved, and fighters took what they could.  The United Nations sent in peacekeeping forces, but they were inadequate for the task. The Congo War Officially Draws to a Close In January 2001,  Laurent Dà ©sirà ©-Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards, and his son, Joseph Kabila, assumed the presidency.  Joseph Kabila proved more popular internationally than his father, and the DRC soon received more aid than formerly. Rwanda and Uganda were also cited for their exploitation of the Conflict minerals and received sanctions. Finally, Rwanda was losing ground in the Congo. These factors combined to slowly bring about a decline in the Congo War, which officiall ended in 2002 in peace talks in Pretoria, South Africa. Again, not all of the rebel groups participated in the talks, and the eastern Congo remained a troubled zone. Rebel groups, including the Lords Resistance Army, from neighboring Uganda, and fighting between groups continued for more than a decade.   Resources and Further Reading Prunier, Gerald.  .Africa’s World War: The Congo, Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe  Oxford University Press: 2011.Van Reybrouck, David.  Congo: The Epic History of a People. Harper Collins, 2015.

Business Information System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Business Information System - Essay Example Particularly they are required to help each resident attain or uphold the highest possible mental, psychosocial and physical well being. Care and treatment provided must improve o r maintain health subject to resident’s right to select and decline services. The standards of care in nursing homes are government prospect however quality is not assured. Geriatrics has various needs that aids in its day to day operations. First of all accommodation need. A resident has the right to obtain services and reside with reasonable accommodation of personal desires and needs. The institutions should acclimatize things like room arrangements, schedules, call systems and staff assignments to contain residents’ exclusive needs, desires and preferences. If there is existence of communication barrier between the staff and residents, the nursing g home is required to ensure adequate communication through use of interpreters or other measures that will facilitate communication. Secondly adequate nursing and other employees are required in the nursing homes to meet the needs of each resident in the geriatric at all times. The nursing homes are also required to establish an all-inclusive and individualized care plan for each resident that states care needs and how they will be met. This ensures proper and up to standards services are adhered to by the staff employed, considering the number and personal attention each resident requires or is entitled to. One of the most widespread reasons why people seek nursing home care is due to urinary incontinence and uncontrollable bladder. Incontinence and lack of toileting aid results too many serious problems for example isolation, pressure sores and psychological harm. Each resident bowel control complications must be thoroughly assessed and given care and treatments that can improve the condition. Many geriatric occupants are not incontinent but require

Philosophy of language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Philosophy of language - Essay Example Traditionally, opponents of the CTP have held that the statement â€Å"that appears/seems red† is reserved for situations in which there is reasonable doubt in an individual’s mind regarding whether something is truly red or otherwise. In that sense, part of the meaning inherent in â€Å"that appears/seems red† is attributable to the doubt in the speaker’s mind concerning whether something is red. Consequently, it would be inappropriate, and quite rightly so, to suggest that there is any ounce of doubt regarding whether something is red and it is false that anything â€Å"appears/looks/seems red† when one sees something red. For that reason, critics of the CTP have argued that seeing red cannot be analysed in causal terms, that is, in terms of it being caused to be in a manner in which an entity â€Å"looks/appears/seems† red. In 1961, Herbert Paul Grice, notable for his pioneering work in the philosophy of language, came to the defense of CT P; this paper explains the manner in which Grice employed his notion of implicature in defense of the Causal Theory of Perception. Grice published an article in which he distinguished between what is meant (what is said) and what is implied (implicated) (Bardzokas 2010, p.114); basically, Grice argues that in saying â€Å"that appears/seems/looks red†, one may implicate that something is not really red but does not out rightly refute that something is red or mean it is not really red. According to Grice, it is actually possible that one who says â€Å"that looks/seems/appears red† sees something red and it could also be that they see something that seems red to them (even if otherwise). If to say â€Å"that appears red† implicates that something may not necessarily be red, it is contradictory to say â€Å"that appears red, and it is red†; Grice posits that the implication that a thing is not really red can be explicitly cancelled out. Consequently, if the implicatum of what a speaker says

Rigid journey Essay Example for Free

Rigid journey Essay It was a â€Å"rigid journey† that started with two voices and that ended with one. One is the voice of meaningless modernity. Disjointed and syncopated, this voice hopes to fit in with the norm, tirelessly finding meaning through misconstrued words. The other is the voice of an ailing past as it struggles to keep up with the present. It is the words of fable and myth, lost in the humdrum of everyday life. Coming in contact through an unexpected dialogue, these two voices collide but, further on, reveal their similarities in order to address the issues of their looming futures. Jonathan Safran Foer’s critically-successful debut novel Everything is Illuminated relishes in these two voices, speaking to its readers in dual tones as a metaphor of the different perspectives that arise from a problem of identity that epitomizes this generation: a generation fraught by issues brought about by concerns of industry, capitalism, and materialism. Part memoir, part travelogue, this novel primarily chronicles the travels of Jonathan Foer, a young Jewish-American writer of the same name as the author, who attempts to research his grandfather’s life in Ukraine and discover the woman who had saved him from apparent execution in the hands of Nazi soldiers. To make his trip remotely easier, he employs the help of Heritage Tours, a tour company that specializes in aiding Jewish-Americans retrace their roots in the Old Country. His guide and translator for this trip is Alex Perchov, a Ukrainian of the same age who is utterly enraptured by the American culture that reaching the State’s worshipped shores and becoming an accountant is all he has ever dreamed about. Along with the ride are Alex’s Grandfather, their supposedly blind driver, and his â€Å"seeing-eye bitch† Sammy Davis Junior, Junior. But, Foer, the author, also incorporates a second and third narrative amidst this backdrop of identity-searching. One, told in Jonathan’s voice, tells the story of his Grandfather’s shtetl or town, TrachimBrod, its fabled rise and evident fall during World War II. We can initially perceive the novel as a seeming coming-of-age story that finds its core in the retelling of the happenings of the Holocaust and its evident impact on its Jewish survivors and their kin. But, it also echoes of the capitalist ideologies that define our era and how it has come to mold our youth, as seen through the depiction of Jonathan and Alex. With this in mind, this paper aims to create an understanding of the hegemony within the text through the use of Marxist literary criticism. An Overview of Marxism and the Communist Manifesto At the heart of Marxism lies the struggle between classes, a definitive clash of ideologies brought about by the fight over the right of power. It is primarily a critique of the current Industrial Age society, wherein an apparent discrepancy between the growing bourgeois class and the working class began to be noticeable. Promulgated by Karl Marx in the early nineteenth century, Marxism finds its roots in the analysis of the source of power, the base of power, within a society and how this social class determines the course of production within a society (Marx and Engels 1848). Heralded as the core ideology of Communism, it is a politically-driven social theory that deems to see that the proletariat be considered a class, that the reigning bourgeois be overthrown, and that political power should be reverted to the proletariat (Marx, Engels, and Jones 15). Applied to literature, Marxism becomes a critique of the social structures and the point of authority found in the text, as concocted by the writer’s own perceptions of the history of class within the novel. The Communist â€Å"bible†, Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto, co-written by Frederick Engels, calls the proletariat to arms in what they see as a social revolution unlike any other. They deem that Capitalist rulings of the working class as exploitative, seeing these people merely as dispensable commodity to yield production. They deem the bourgeoisie as state of â€Å"the abolition of individuality and freedom (22). † They narrate series of possible events to the dissolution of the bourgeoisie that would mean the rise of the proletariat and the erasure of any other remnants of the feudalist system (Marx and Engels 17). Over-all, it is deemed that the only answer to a social revolution is the forcible overthrow of the present reigning base of power, the denouncement of past social conditions, and the creation of a strong network of representative that would protect the individual rights of working men and women. A Dichotomy of Roles What makes Foer’s novel a definite stand-out in the literary scene is its experimentation with form and its boundless potentials. For his novel, he follows three narratives as told by the two primary characters of the text, Jonathan and Alex. Placed in the context of Marxism, there is an evident inner struggle between the two characters that is representative of their own social statuses and how they manage to deal with the issues specific to it. According to Marx’s groundbreaking treatise, â€Å"society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (Marx and Engels 9). † Although, most may deem this social division as outdated, it still reveals much about our current social structure that expected. In our globalized view, such structure can now be attributed to cultures dominating over each other, cultures that manipulate the flow of international relations given the power they retain through their economic superiority—a system that Marx had initially suspected. As with today’s society, American culture (though flailing amidst the rise of new economic powers) remains the power base and controls much of the world’s economic activity, and hence, becomes the source of all human institutions and ideologies, or what Marx calls, the superstructure. With this power behind them, the base is able to influence the direction that society is driven to, characterizing each element as they see fit. Evident in the novel is undisputed hegemony of American culture as presented through the character of Alex. Ensnared by the allure of money and progress, Alex is the quintessential American â€Å"wanna be†. He is driven to create an image of himself that is allegedly reminiscent of this culture: a womanizer, an excessive spender, a big talker. Evidence of this fascination with American culture can also be read in page 69 wherein Alex speaks with Jonathan over dinner and bombards him with questions about American life: â€Å"Are there good accounting schools? Are there Negro accountants? How much is the coffee there (Foer 69)? † All the answers elicit an excitement for this prevailing culture, all the more pushing Alex to value it more than he does his own. In a letter to Jonathan written purportedly after the his visit to Ukraine, he mentions that he is saving up to go to the States, and that in order to save money (despite his Father’s belief that he isn’t so), he stays at the beach and just thinks. He thinks that Jonathan is so lucky (52). These ideas of American culture, the American Dream, are in fact disseminated through the film medium as presented in the text when Alex says: â€Å"I dig American movies (2). † It is, in essence, a diluted imagery of what American culture is like as shown through the limited capacity of film. Gone are seemingly politically correct ideologies and from the vantage point of Alex’s restricted viewpoint of American culture we see the flaws of a race and gender divided structure. It is also necessary to note the importance of the Alex’s use of language in the text. His language is a mix of profundity and slang in an attempt to sound as American as possible, but failing miserably to communicate what he actually means in the process. His misconstrued language echoes the attempt of the working class to attain a level of equality with the bourgeois (American culture), but unsuccessfully doing so because the line that separates the two arenas can never be crossed. Alex’s character, in this sense, epitomizes the proletariat desire to obtain an amount of power (how miniscule) it might be from the dominating bourgeois by inculcating themselves within a culture created by the elite. When he took on the role of translate for Jonathan, Alex believed it to be an â€Å"unordinary (Foer 2)† experience. By taking on this Americanized persona, Alex believes he is setting himself apart from a family of three Alex’s, from his own culture. He yearns to â€Å"depart† from his class and seek a brighter one in another. But, I believe, that this is the tragedy of Alex. He deems to create for himself a new personality, an individuality, but through the acceptance of another ideological structure that might even be stronger and far more dangerous than the one he opts to leave behind. This is, as what Marx says, is a sense of false consciousness (Eagleton 103). â€Å"People are conditioned by the material world to accept certain ideas and beliefs as objective fact. They misunderstand their position and the meaning of their position. (Progreba 2). † On the other hand, we see Jonathan who departs from the States and its culture to find his roots in Ukraine. Armed with the picture of his grandfather and the picture of the woman who rescued him, he embarks on a journey to understand his muddled identity. Whereas, Alex looks at the American culture as one that would finally define him, Jonathan temporarily denounces it and searches for it in his history. This is evident in his chronicle of the history of his grandfather’s little village. But, similar to Alex, he finds fascination in a culture other than his own and looks up to it as a medium to understand his own identity. By narrating the events that led to the destruction of the village, from its establishment and his grandfather, Safran’s, rescue from the Nazis, Jonathan communicates with his past and forms a dialogue with it. For both young men, this search for identity traces itself to their yearning to reclaim their place in a society that alienates them. According to Marxist theory, the capitalist society alienates people in three different levels: first, the worker is alienated from what he produces; second, the worker is alienated from himself; and third, the worker is alienated from society. â€Å"The work of the proletarians has lost all their individual character, and consequently all charm for the workman. He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack that is required of him (Marx and Engels 14). † Jonathan, who has taken a leave of absence from university, finds himself at a loss regarding his future goals in life, some of which are imposed on him by the requirements of his social circle: fame and fortune. By following these, he would have to let go of his roots, of his own identity, and deliver products as what society needs of him. Hence, he finds his travel to Ukraine an opportunity for soul-searching, a method to deliver himself from the constraints of social responsibilities and discover his own potential as a person. When Alex questions Jonathan about his yearnings to be a writer, Jonathan answers him half-heartedly, as if questioning even his own decision to take on this career (Foer 69). But, by the middle of the novel, as implied in one of Alex’s letters to Jonathan, he had gone on back to university to pursue this career, perhaps already with an inkling of his own identity discovered during his visit in Ukraine. Alex, on the other hand, seeks deliverance in American culture. He detests his Father who bullies him and his â€Å"miniature† brother, Little Igor. He yearns to separate himself from this abusive authority and find solace in a culture that is â€Å"free† and â€Å"progressive†. We can view his Father and their travel company in the Marxist context as the Capitalist. Their company, Heritage Tours, having been a family business for three generations ties Alex intensely to the family that he hopes to leave behind. As his mother had said, she is extremely proud that her son had decided to taking the responsibility of acting as a guide for the â€Å"Jewish boy† instead of wallowing around doing nothing and wasting money (Foer 2). Marxist theory also expands on the notion of a â€Å"counter-hegemonic† culture that should be developed in order to retaliate against the prevailing social norms as promulgated by the ruling class. Essentially, the novel revolves around this, as with any text that centers on a search for identity and individuality. Alex and Jonathan both are at war with their societies which is why they seek to find it another, whether in more direct forms (like Jonathan’s) or discreetly (like Alex’s). There remains, in the story of these two individuals, a definite struggle to fight against hegemony and the norm. Conclusion The third narrative, as we have mentioned, are letters from Alex to Jonathan, still written in the same manner as he had spoken to us in his usual narrative. These letters, from mere discussion of their positions in life finally show the kind of relationship these two young men are able to foster. They are the acceptance of their brotherhood amidst the flurry of modern life, amidst the demands of their social classes and their inherent responsibilities. But, most importantly, as the novel proves, it serves as an insight into a quiet counter-revolution that prevails today. Works Cited: Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Theory. William Clowes Ltd. : Suffolk, Great Britain. 2006 Foer, Jonathan Safran. Everything is Illuminated. Houghton Mifflin Books: New York, New York. 2002 Jones, Gareth Stedman. â€Å"Introduction. † The Communist Manifesto. Penguin Books Ltd. : USA, 1967 Marx, Karl and Frederick Engels. â€Å"The Communist Manifesto. † Socialist Labor Party of America. 2006. Retrieved from http://www. marxism. net/pdf/marx/comm_man. pdf

Television Violence :: essays research papers

Television Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence in television, is it turning our children into violent, destructive, and hateful toddlers. Yes or no? In today's society television plays such a big role in our everyday lives that it is hard to see if it effects our children's behavior. Television has the potential of being a very constructive learning tool, if used correctly. On the other hand if used in a destructive manner it could, hypothetically, turn our children and future leaders of tomorrow into deadly hate mongers. I believe that television does effect the way people think and behave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a survey given in 1978 at an unnamed college in Washington D.C., when asked if what was seen on T.V. effected the way they acted ,2% thought it did , 7% didn't know and ,91% didn't think it effected them at all(2). In 1993 a similar survey was given in London by the Broadcasting Standard Council( BSC ). When people were asked if they thought T.V. effected the way people behaved 41% said yes, 4% left without finishing the survey, and 55% said that they didn't think it effected the way people acted(14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As seen in the survey the problem of television violence is being made more aware to the people of the world. The problem has also grown over the years to a more serious dilemma making the government start to try and solve the problem by initiating laws in which television stations must limit violence on T.V.(6). It is still not enough though the problem must be taken care of promptly before it changes society as a whole. If the problem is not taken care of swiftly then it could effect the future of the world by having violence rampage the streets of our towns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past when television was first invented it was a much happier time. people could walk on our streets without having to care if they were going to make it home alive. I'm not trying to say that television is the reason that society today is so dangerously violent, but as violence on television evolved so did the violence on our streets. In the past there were not as many violent T.V. shows if there were even any. Also T.V. was more of a family recreation, most families could only afford one T.V. set so when children watched T.V. they were supervised by their family making violence almost an impossible thing to see if parents were not interested. Today, there are an average of three televisions per household so it is harder for parents to make Television Violence :: essays research papers Television Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violence in television, is it turning our children into violent, destructive, and hateful toddlers. Yes or no? In today's society television plays such a big role in our everyday lives that it is hard to see if it effects our children's behavior. Television has the potential of being a very constructive learning tool, if used correctly. On the other hand if used in a destructive manner it could, hypothetically, turn our children and future leaders of tomorrow into deadly hate mongers. I believe that television does effect the way people think and behave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a survey given in 1978 at an unnamed college in Washington D.C., when asked if what was seen on T.V. effected the way they acted ,2% thought it did , 7% didn't know and ,91% didn't think it effected them at all(2). In 1993 a similar survey was given in London by the Broadcasting Standard Council( BSC ). When people were asked if they thought T.V. effected the way people behaved 41% said yes, 4% left without finishing the survey, and 55% said that they didn't think it effected the way people acted(14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As seen in the survey the problem of television violence is being made more aware to the people of the world. The problem has also grown over the years to a more serious dilemma making the government start to try and solve the problem by initiating laws in which television stations must limit violence on T.V.(6). It is still not enough though the problem must be taken care of promptly before it changes society as a whole. If the problem is not taken care of swiftly then it could effect the future of the world by having violence rampage the streets of our towns.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the past when television was first invented it was a much happier time. people could walk on our streets without having to care if they were going to make it home alive. I'm not trying to say that television is the reason that society today is so dangerously violent, but as violence on television evolved so did the violence on our streets. In the past there were not as many violent T.V. shows if there were even any. Also T.V. was more of a family recreation, most families could only afford one T.V. set so when children watched T.V. they were supervised by their family making violence almost an impossible thing to see if parents were not interested. Today, there are an average of three televisions per household so it is harder for parents to make

Spinal Cord Lesion Problem Solving Health And Social Care Essay

Scenario: A complete transverse spinal cord hurt occurs at degree T11/T12 vertebrae. See the worst instance scenario of complete lesion to turn to the undermentioned issues. A ) Describe which sections of spinal cord will be affected T11/12 lesions ( besides called paraplegia ) cause damage or remotion of the connexion between the Lumbar part and the encephalon. The sections above T11 ( C1-T10 ) will still be able to work decently. The lumbar sections ( Below T12 ) of the spinal cord will non be able to direct sensory signals up towards the encephalon through the white affair in the spinal cord, ensuing in deficiency of sensitiveness in that part. Descending piece of lands are besides damaged ; this consequences in loss of musculus control in that part because the encephalon can non direct encephalon signals. # Then comparison and contrast at 1 twenty-four hours and at 100 yearss after the hurt the followers: B ) loss of sensitiveness After a twenty-four hours of the hurt the patient will non hold any centripetal abilities from the legs. This is because the go uping centripetal signals can non be sent towards the encephalon. After 100 there will be no alteration from twenty-four hours 1. C ) musculus map The harm caused by the lesion does non let the musculus to work decently. Day 1 the patient will non experience anything and his encephalon can non direct signals to the musculuss leting controlled motion of the legs. After Day 100 the patient s leg will hold a decreased musculus tone compared to Day 1. The patient may besides see uncontrolled spastic physiological reactions ( explained underneath ) . D ) leg physiological reactions After the lesion occurs on the spinal cord, the spinal cord goes into spinal daze, all of the leg musculuss innervated bu the lumbar part below T12 become flaccid. 100 yearss after the incident, the patient might get down to acquire spastic physiological reactions. Compared to twenty-four hours 1 the spinal daze disables the automatic discharge in the spinal cord but in twenty-four hours 100 the physiological reaction discharge activates. However because of the harm, the centripetal signals do non go to the encephalon to let voluntary control from the encephalon, the signals merely travel in the automatic Ark below the site of harm this causes the spastic physiological reactions. Tocopherol ) continency Smooth musculus map is besides affected. The control of the vesica and sphincters which allow micturition will be impaired. T12 flat lesions cause flaccid vesicas, this is when patient will non be able to state when the vesica is full and can take to pulling of the vesica. At twenty-four hours one the patient will non be able to experience when their vesica is full, they will necessitate aid from the physician who will besides prove them and take the patients through a bladder direction plan. After 100 yearss the patient will be used to cognizing the clip when they are required to empty their vesicas due to following the bladder direction plan. This essay counts towards the concluding twelvemonth test. A upper limit of 10 % is available from this study. Maximum reply length one A4 page. Pay attending that you understand what people in wheelchairs experience. Announced 11.2.2011 Deadline for entry: 4th March 2011. To be handed in to Teaching Office- Harborne BuildingSpinal Cord Lesion: Problem Solving AssignmentSpinal cord hurt is when the spinal cord is damaged to an extent that its communicating with the encephalon is either impaired or removed. The most common causes of spinal cord hurt is through injury ( falls, auto accidents etc ) or diseases such as infantile paralysis. Overtime gilal cicatrixs incorporating astrocytes and macrophages start to develop. Glial cicatrixs besides contain chondoitin sulfate proteoglycans which inhibits the regeneration of axons forestalling the aa‚ ¬E?rewiringaa‚ ¬a„? of the nervousnesss in the spinal cord ( Bradbury et al 2001 ) Patients enduring from complete cross spinal cord T11/12 lesions ( besides called paraplegia ) will lose their connexion between the Lumbar part of the spinal cord and the encephalon, nevertheless the sections above T11 ( C1-T10 ) will still be able to work decently. The deficiency of communicating will forestall the lumbar sections ( Below T12 ) from directing sensory signals up towards the encephalon through the white affair in the spinal cord, ensuing in deficiency of sensitiveness in that part. Descending piece of lands are besides damaged ; this consequences in loss of musculus control in that part because the encephalon can non direct signals to the motor neurones. After a twenty-four hours of the hurt the patient will non be able to direct go uping centripetal signals towards the encephalon, this means that they will non hold any centripetal abilities from the legs, the sense of hurting is included. Blood flow is besides affected, the sympathetic tracts of the fringe system will non be able to increase blood flow of the arterias in the legs, and this affects the overall blood force per unit area of the organic structure. At twenty-four hours one the patient may still be in spinal daze and his encephalon would n't be able to have and centripetal information from his legs, unluckily The harm caused by the lesion does non let the musculus to work decently. At Day 1 the patient will non be able to voluntarily travel the musculuss controlled by the lumbar part. This causes complications with blood flow because the musculuss in the leg can non impel the deoxygenated blood against the force of gravitation through the vena. This plus the deficiency of sympathetic stimulation may take to ischemia. After Day 100 the patient s leg will hold a decreased musculus tone compared to Day 1 due to miss of musculus motion. The patient nevertheless may still be able to walk utilizing abdominal musculuss to travel the legs and either braces or clasps for support. During spinal daze, all of the leg musculuss innervated below T12 become flaccid. During twenty-four hours 1 the spinal daze will disenable the automatic discharge in the spinal cord but during twenty-four hours 100 ( after the daze ends ) the automatic discharge activates and the patient might get down to acquire spastic physiological reactions. The spastic physiological reactions are caused because action potencies reflex discharges are activated Smooth musculus map is besides affected. The control of the vesica and sphincters which allow micturition will be impaired. T12 flat lesions cause flaccid vesicas, this is when patient will non be able to state when the vesica is full and can take to pulling of the vesica. At twenty-four hours one the patient will non be able to experience when their vesica is full, they will necessitate aid from the physician who will besides prove them and take the patients through a bladder direction plan. After 100 yearss the patient will be used to cognizing the clip when they are required to empty their vesicas due to following the bladder direction plan. There are still overall alterations that the patient will hold to travel through. There are medicines that are available to assist patients get by with their state of affairs such as Muscle relaxants ( baclofen, Flexeril, Valium Etc ) and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to handle hurting. The patient will besides hold to set their life style because they will be utilizing a wheel chair Bradbury, E. J. , L. D. F. Moon, et Al. ( 2002 ) . â€Å" Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord hurt. † Nature 416 ( 6881 ) : 636-640. McLachlan, E. M. and J. A. Brock ( 2006 ) . Adaptations of peripheral vasoconstrictive tracts after spinal cord hurt. Advancement in Brain Research. C. W. Lynne and P. Canio, Elsevier. Volume 152: 289-297. mimushasho4ever, Nacho ‘s accident T11-T12 Com, Jul 21, 2010, Online picture cartridge holder, Youtube, Accessed: 01 March 2010

Study On Efficient Market Hypothesis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2096 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is the theory behind efficient capital markets. An efficient capital market is one in which security prices reflect and rapidly adjust to all new information. The derivation of the EMH is mostly credited to the work of Fama. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Efficient Market Hypothesis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In 1965 the doctoral dissertation written by Fama was republished. In this Fama looks at the current literature on stock price behaviour and examines the distribution and dependence of stock price returns. He concluded that, it seems safe to say that this paper has presented strong and voluminous evidence in favour of the random walk hypothesis. Due to a better understanding of price formation in competitive markets, the random walk model was now seen as a set of observations that can be consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis. This switch began with observations published in a paper by Samuelson in 1965. Samuelson presented his proof in the general form, which helped in the understanding of the notion of a well-functioning market. His paper had the observation in competitive markets there is a buyer for every seller. If one could be sure that a price would rise, it would have already risen. Samuelson stated that arguments like this are used to deduce that competitive pri ces must display price changesthat perform a random walk with no predictable bias. Following on by the work done by Samuelson, as mentioned in the previous paragraph, a paper was published by Fama in 1970. This paper consisted of a comprehensive review of the theory and evidence of market efficiency. He defined an efficient market as one in which trading on available information fails to provide an abnormal profit. This paper was one of the firsts to distinguish between the three forms of market efficiency. The three forms of market efficiency are the weak form, semi-strong form and strong form. He concluded that the results are strongly in support of the weak form of market efficiency and that in short, the evidence in support of the efficient markets model is extensive, and (somewhat uniquely in economics) contradictory evidence is sparse. I will now summarise some papers that have been written on the criticism of the EMH. Although there has been a vast amount of literature published on the development and the support of the efficient market theory, there has also been various studies published criticising the EMH. This criticism comes about due to the fact that the EMH is difficult to test. A number of studies indicate anomalous behaviour, which appears to be inconsistent with market efficiency. Such anomalies include the small firm effect as talked about in a paper by Banz in 1981. Banz analysed monthly returns over the period 1931-75 on shares listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Over this interval, the fifty smallest stocks outperformed the fifty largest by an average of one percentage point per month, on a risk-adjusted basis. After the publication of this paper, many other authors published their own papers examining the subject of the small firm effect. A paper by Ball in 1978 points out that the evidence could equally indicate the shortcomings of the models of expected return. A paper by Fama in 1998 concludes that further study should not be done on developing behavioural based theories of stock markets that take into account the apparent anomalies, but that search for better asset pricing models should take president. There is also the area of behavioural finance that criticises EMH. I will look at this in more depth in the next section. Market Bubble While the EMH is generally regarded as the best theory that can describe the actions of market prices it is not perfect and sometimes events occur that contradict the EMH. One of these events is that of the bubble. A bubble is when a specific industrys market prices do really well, so well that prices seem to rise higher than the EMH dictates. Eventually, the bubble bursts and prices return to a price more in line with EMH. One famous bubble was that of the dot.com bubble. EMH does not explain why this bubble exists in the first place. This is one of the major criticisms of the EMH. Many academics have turned to the relatively new theory of behavioural financ e to explain the bubble. Behavioural Finance One area that has recently undermined the EMH is the work published looking at behavioural finance. As observed by Shleifer (2000) At the most general level, behavioural finance is the study of human fallibility in competitive markets. Behavioural finance incorporates elements of cognitive psychology into finance in an effort to better understand how individuals and entire markets respond to different circumstances. Behavioural finance is based on the principle that all investors are not rational. Some investors can be over-confident, while other less knowledgeable investors might be prone to herding effects. Shefrin (1999) was one such author to talk about behavioural finance. He is one author who argues that a few psychological phenomena pervade the entire landscape of finance. Harrington (2003) agrees with the notion that overconfidence can lead to irrational behaviour. She states that investors can become irrational and their ir rational behaviour affects their ability to profit from owning stocks and bonds. Of course, behavioural finance does have its draw backs. One of which is the fact that using instincts alone can result in a loss. This is due to human error. The person that is using their instincts in determining where to invest might not have the greatest financial knowledge in the first place. Also, this person might be having a bad day or be under a great deal of stress or be distracted in some other way. This could result in the wrong decision being made. Therefore, it is a good idea to use both behavioural finance on top of the traditional theories already in use today. This view is supported by an article by Malkiel (1989) who agrees with the notion that behavioural aspects have a great importance in stock market valuation. He argues that behavioural factors play an important role in stock valuation alongside traditional valuation theories. This is summed up by the following quote, market val uations rest on both logical and psychological factors. The theory of valuation depends on the projection of a long-term stream of dividends whose growth rate is extraordinarily difficult to estimate. Moreover, the appropriate risk premiums for common equities are changeable and far from obvious either to investors or economists. Thus, there is room for the hopes, fears, and favourite fashions of market participants to play a role in the valuation process. Another article from the Banker (2004) also supports the view that behavioural finance has a role to play alongside the traditional views. In this section I will look at literature that tries to see if behavioural finance can explain this bubble. Many authors have argued that bubbles can be caused by over enthusiasm. For example, the new communication technology of the 1990s was exaggerated (causing the dot.com bubble). By this I mean that the new innovation is by some corners, i.e. the media and governments, over triumphed. Th is can lead to irrational behaviour of investors. This can lead to investors becoming over confident in the technology or industry. Another factor of this over enthusiasm is that it could attract herding behaviour. The irrational investor will be more likely to invest in something that is being hyped up as they feel that others are doing the same thing. They will feel that if others are doing it then it must be a good idea for them to do it as well. A factor that will have led to the development of a bubble is that of speculation. One such author that observed the speculation effect on the dot.com boom was Giombetti (2000). Many informed investors would have probably over invested in a specific industry going against market theory. They will have done this on the hope that their investment will pay off. Even if their investment were initially at a loss they would have stayed with it. Authors of behavioural finance outline this behaviour. This behaviour of these investors would have distorted the market conditions for other investors. Also, the herding effect would have been greater due to this. These factors would have led to the stock prices of a certain industry being vastly over priced. This would, therefore, cause the bubble. This bubble that has been created will, in turn, attract other investors. These investors will invest as they feel they are missing out on a good thing. This is another example of herding. This meant that when the bubble burst stock prices would have fell rapidly, causing investors to lose vast sums of money. This would cause them to pull out of the industry, which, in turn, causes the companies themselves to collapse. If it were not for irrational investment then investors might have pulled out earlier, before the collapse. This might have even meant that the collapse would not have happened. Other authors talk about some of the factors that cause investors to become irrational. On such author are Johnsson, Lindblom and P latan (2002). In their masters dissertation they talk about the various factors of irrationality. One of these is the observation that investors will hang on to losing shares longer than market theory dictates. They say that this is because they are waiting for the performance of the share to change for the better. This is referred to as loss aversion. This is an example of a psychological factor that is effecting the investment decision. Back to: Essay Examples Another psychological factor that affects investors, causing irrational behaviour is that of the feeling of regret. Authors argue that past bad decisions cause investors to feel regret and this alters their behaviour in such a way as to become irrational. Another factor that causes irrational behaviour is that of when the investor uses mental shortcuts in investment decisions. These shortcuts usually make investors choose the right decision but occasionally cause the investor to make the wrong decision. Optical illusions are a good example of how shortcuts can cause mistakes. A paper on www.undicoveredmanagers.com is one such paper that covers this point. Of course there are many authors who do not believe in the theory of behavioural finance. These authors argue that traditional financial theory can still be used to explain current market conditions. One such author is the person credited with the idea of the efficient market hypothesis, Eugene Fama. Fama (1998) argues that anomalies can be explained by traditional market theory. He argues that, apparent overreaction of stock prices to information is about as common as under-reaction and he suggests that this finding is consistent with the market efficiency hypothesis that the anomalies are chance events Other authors have argued that behavioural finance is only a study of individual investor behaviour. They argue that this theory has not been proven on a market wide scale. The tradition theories of finance have been. References www.UndiscoveredManagers.com (1999) Introduction to Behavioral Finance Ball R. (1978) Anomalies in Relationships Between Securities Yields and Yield-Surrogates, Journal of Financial Economics, 6, pp. 103-26. Banz R. (1981) The Relationship Between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks, Journal of Financial Economics, 9, pp. 3-18. Fama E. F. (1965) The behaviour of stock market prices, Journal of Business 38 (1), 34-105. Fama E. F. (1970) Efficient capita l markets: a review of theory and empirical work, Journal of Finance 25 (2), 383-417. Fama, E. (1998a). Efficiency survives the attack of the anomalies, GSB Chicago Alumni Magazine, (Winter):14-16. Giombetti R. (2000) The Dot.com Bubble. www.EatTheState.org Vol 4, Issue 23 Harrington C. (2003) Head games: Helping quell investors irrational antics. Accounting Today, v17 i11 p5(2) Johnsson M., Lindblom H. Platan P. (2002) Behavioral Finance And the Change of Investor Behavior during and After the Speculative Bubble At the End of the 1990s Malkiel B. G. (1989) Is the stock market efficient? Science, v243 n4896 p1313(6) Samuelson P. (1965) Proof That Properly Anticipated Prices Fluctuate Randomly. Industrial Management Review, 6, pp. 41-49. Scholes M. (1972) The Market for Securities: Substitution Versus Price Pressureand the Effects of Information on Share Prices. Journal of Business, 45, pp. 179-211. Shefrin H. Beyond Greed and Fear. (1999) Understanding B ehavioral Finance and the Psychology of Investing. Harvard Business School Press Shleifer A. (2000) Inefficient Markets. An introduction to behavioural finance. Oxford university Press The Banker (2004) Cover feature: how much risk can you manage? Banks have a huge range of resources available to aid risk managers, but human nature can still result in a bad decision. Behavioural finance and prospect theory lifts the veil on poor investment judgement